Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology: a South Asian Edition
Textbook of medical physiology
John E. Hall.
- 12th ed.
- Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, c2013.
- xix, 1091 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 29 cm.
Rev. ed. of: Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed. c2006.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology -- Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" -- Cells as the Living Units of the Body -- Extracellular Fluid---The "Internal Environment" -- "Homeostatic" Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems -- Control Systems of the Body -- Summary---Automaticity of the Body -- The Cell and its Functions -- Organization of the Cell -- Physical Structure of the Cell -- Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life -- Functional Systems of the Cell -- Locomotion of Cells -- Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction -- Genes in the Cell Nucleus -- The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus is Transferred to an RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm---The Process of Transcription -- Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell -- Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells -- The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction -- Cell Differentiation -- Apoptosis---Programmed Cell Death -- Cancer -- Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle -- Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes -- The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins -- Diffusion -- "Active Transport" of Substances Through Membranes -- Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials -- Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials -- Measuring the Membrane Potential -- Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves -- Nerve Action Potential -- Roles of Other Ions During the Action Potential -- Propagation of the Action Potential -- Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed---Importance of Energy Metabolism -- Plateau in Some Action Potentials -- Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues---Repetitive Discharge -- Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks -- Excitation---The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential -- Recording Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials -- Contraction of Skeletal Muscle -- Physiologic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle -- General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction -- Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction -- Energetics of Muscle Contraction -- Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction -- Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction -- Molecular Biology of Acetylcholine Formation and Release -- Drugs That Enhance or Block Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction -- Myasthenia Gravis Causes Muscle Paralysis -- Muscle Action Potential -- Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle -- Contraction of Smooth Muscle -- Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction -- The Heart -- Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves -- Physiology of Cardiac Muscle -- Cardiac Cycle -- Relationship of the Heart Sounds to Heart Pumping -- Work Output of the Heart -- Chemical Energy Required for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization by the Heart -- Regulation of Heart Pumping -- Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart -- Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart -- Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart -- The Normal Electrocardiogram -- Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram -- Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms -- Flow of Current Around the Heart during the Cardiac Cycle -- Electrocardiographic Leads -- Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis -- Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms -- Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram -- Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS---and Its Significance -- Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex -- Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex -- Current of Injury -- Abnormalities in the T Wave -- Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation -- Abnormal Sinus Rhythms -- Abnormal Rhythms That Result from Block of Heart Signals Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways -- Premature Contractions -- Paroxysmal Tachycardia -- Ventricular Fibrillation -- Atrial Fibrillation -- Atrial Flutter -- Cardiac Arrest -- The Circulation -- Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance -- Physical Characteristics of the Circulation -- Basic Principles of Circulatory Function -- Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance -- Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems -- Vascular Distensibility -- Arterial Pressure Pulsations -- Veins and Their Functions -- The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow -- Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System -- Flow of Blood in the Capillaries---Vasomotion -- Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid -- Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid -- Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, as Well as Capillary Filtration Coefficient -- Lymphatic System -- Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow -- Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs -- Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control -- Humoral Control of the Circulation -- Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure -- Nervous Regulation of the Circulation -- Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure -- Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure -- Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation -- Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control -- The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control -- Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation -- Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation -- Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity -- Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return---Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart -- Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs -- Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output -- Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease -- Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise -- Coronary Circulation -- Cardiac Failure -- Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure -- Unilateral Left Heart Failure -- Low-Output Cardiac Failure---Cardiogenic Shock -- Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure -- Cardiac Reserve -- Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects -- Heart Sounds -- Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease -- Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects -- Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery -- Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease -- Circulatory Shock and its Treatment -- Physiologic Causes of Shock -- Shock Caused by Hypovolemia---Hemorrhagic Shock -- Neurogenic Shock---Increased Vascular Capacity -- Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock -- Septic Shock -- Physiology of Treatment in Shock -- Circulatory Arrest -- The Body Fluids and Kidneys -- The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema -- Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions -- UNIT I. Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. UNIT II. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. Chapter 8. UNIT III. Chapter 9. Chapter 10. Chapter 11. Chapter 12. Chapter 13. UNIT IV. Chapter 14. Chapter 15. Chapter 16. Chapter 17. Chapter 18. Chapter 19. Chapter 20. Chapter 21. Chapter 22. Chapter 23. Chapter 24. UNIT V. Chapter 25. Body Fluid Compartments -- Extracellular Fluid Compartment -- Blood Volume -- Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids -- Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments---the Indicator-Dilution Principle -- Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments -- Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid -- Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure -- Osmotic Equilibrium Is Maintained Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids -- Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States -- Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes -- Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia -- Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues -- Fluids in the "Potential Spaces" of the Body -- Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control -- Multiple Functions of the Kidneys -- Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys -- Micturition -- Physiologic Anatomy of the Bladder -- Transport of Urine from the Kidney Through the Ureters and into the Bladder -- Filling of the Bladder and Bladder Wall Tone; the Cystometrogram -- Micturition Reflex -- Abnormalities of Micturition -- Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion -- Glomerular Filtration---The First Step in Urine Formation -- Determinants of the GFR -- Renal Blood Flow -- Physiologic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow -- Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow -- Urine Formation by the Kidneys: II. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion -- Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion -- Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms -- Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron -- Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption -- Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function -- Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration -- Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine -- Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine -- Quantifying Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution: "Free Water" and Osmolar Clearances -- Disorders of Urinary Concentrating Ability -- Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration -- Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System -- Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration -- Salt-Appetite Mechanism for Controlling Extracellular Fluid Sodium Concentration and Volume -- Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume -- Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion -- Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration -- Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration -- Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid -- Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance -- Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System -- Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control -- Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake -- Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume -- Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume -- Acid-Base Regulation -- H+ Concentration is Precisely Regulated -- Acids and Bases---Their Definitions and Meanings -- Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys -- Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids -- Bicarbonate Buffer System -- Phosphate Buffer System -- Proteins Are Important Intracellular Buffers -- Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance -- Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance -- Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO-3 by the Renal Tubules -- Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule Generates "New" HCO-3 -- Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion -- Renal Correction of Acidosis---Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO-3 to the Extracellular Fluid -- Renal Correction of Alkalosis---Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO-3 -- Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders -- Treatment of Acidosis or Alkalosis -- Clinical Measurements and Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders -- Diuretics, Kidney Diseases -- Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action -- Kidney Diseases -- Acute Renal Failure -- Chronic Renal Failure: An Irreversible Decrease in the Number of Functional Nephrons -- Specific Tubular Disorders -- Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis with an Artificial Kidney -- Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation -- Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia -- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) -- Anemias -- Polycythemia -- Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation -- Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) -- Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections -- Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) -- Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages -- Eosinophils -- Basophils -- Leukopenia -- Leukemias -- Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy Innate Immunity -- Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity -- Allergy and Hypersensitivity -- Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation -- Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood -- O-A-B Blood Types -- Rh Blood Types -- Transplantation of Tissues and Organs -- Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation -- Events in Hemostasis -- Vascular Constriction -- Mechanism of Blood Coagulation -- Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans -- Thromboembolic Conditions in the Human Being -- Anticoagulants for Clinical Use -- Blood Coagulation Tests -- Respiration -- Pulmonary Ventilation -- Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation -- Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities -- Minute Respiratory Volume Equals Respiratory Rate Times Tidal Volume -- Alveolar Ventilation -- Functions of the Respiratory Passageways -- Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid -- Physiologic Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System -- Pressures in the Pulmonary System -- Blood Volume of the Lungs -- Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution -- Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow -- Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics -- Fluid in the Pleural Cavity -- Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane -- Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures -- Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air Are Different -- Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane -- Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration -- Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids -- Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues -- Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood -- Respiratory Exchange Ratio -- Regulation of Respiration -- Respiratory Center -- Chemical Control of Respiration -- Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity---Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control -- Regulation of Respiration During Exercise -- Other Factors That Affect Respiration -- Respiratory Insufficiency---Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy -- Chapter 26. Chapter 27. Chapter 28. Chapter 29. Chapter 30. Chapter 31. UNIT VI. Chapter 32. Chapter 33. Chapter 34. Chapter 35. Chapter 36. UNIT VII. Chapter 37. Chapter 38. Chapter 39. Chapter 40. Chapter 41. Chapter 42. Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities -- Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities -- Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy -- Hypercapnia---Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids -- Artificial Respiration -- Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology -- Aviation, High-Altitude, and Space Physiology -- Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body -- Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology -- "Artificial Climate" in the Sealed Spacecraft -- Weightlessness in Space -- Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions -- Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body -- Scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Diving -- Special Physiologic Problems in Submarines -- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy -- The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology -- Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters -- General Design of the Nervous System -- Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function -- Comparison of the Nervous System with a Computer -- Central Nervous System Synapses -- Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission -- Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information -- Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect -- Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses -- Nerve Fibers That Transmit Different Types of Signals and Their Physiologic Classification -- Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts---Spatial and Temporal Summation -- Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools -- Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits -- Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses -- Classification of Somatic Senses -- Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations -- Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals into the Central Nervous System -- Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System -- Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway -- Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function -- Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations -- Types of Pain and Their Qualities---Fast Pain and Slow Pain -- Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation -- Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central Nervous System -- Pain Suppression ("Analgesia") System in the Brain and Spinal Cord -- Referred Pain -- Visceral Pain -- Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations. UNIT VIII. Chapter 43. Chapter 44. UNIT IX. Chapter 45. Chapter 46. Chapter 47. Chapter 48.