TY  - BOOK
AU  - Hall,John E.
AU  - Guyton,Arthur C.
TI  - Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology: a South Asian Edition
SN  - 9781416045748 (alk. paper)
AV  - QP34.5 .G9 2011
U1  - 612 22
PY  - 2013///
CY  - Philadelphia, PA
PB  - Saunders/Elsevier
KW  - Human physiology
KW  - Physiology, Pathological
KW  - Physiological Phenomena
N1  - Rev. ed. of: Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed. c2006; Includes bibliographical references and index; UNIT I; Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology --; Chapter 1; Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" --; Cells as the Living Units of the Body --; Extracellular Fluid---The "Internal Environment" --; "Homeostatic" Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems --; Control Systems of the Body --; Summary---Automaticity of the Body --; Chapter 2; The Cell and its Functions --; Organization of the Cell --; Physical Structure of the Cell --; Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life --; Functional Systems of the Cell --; Locomotion of Cells --; Chapter 3; Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction --; Genes in the Cell Nucleus --; The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus is Transferred to an RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm---The Process of Transcription --; Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell --; Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells --; The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction --; Cell Differentiation --; Apoptosis---Programmed Cell Death --; Cancer --; UNIT II; Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle --; Chapter 4; Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes --; The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins --; Diffusion --; "Active Transport" of Substances Through Membranes --; Chapter 5; Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials --; Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials --; Measuring the Membrane Potential --; Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves --; Nerve Action Potential --; Roles of Other Ions During the Action Potential --; Propagation of the Action Potential --; Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed---Importance of Energy Metabolism --; Plateau in Some Action Potentials --; Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues---Repetitive Discharge --; Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks --; Excitation---The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential --; Recording Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials --; Chapter 6; Contraction of Skeletal Muscle --; Physiologic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle --; General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction --; Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction --; Energetics of Muscle Contraction --; Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction --; Chapter 7; Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling --; Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction --; Molecular Biology of Acetylcholine Formation and Release --; Drugs That Enhance or Block Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction --; Myasthenia Gravis Causes Muscle Paralysis --; Muscle Action Potential --; Excitation-Contraction Coupling --; Chapter 8; Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle --; Contraction of Smooth Muscle --; Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction --; UNIT III; The Heart --; Chapter 9; Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves --; Physiology of Cardiac Muscle --; Cardiac Cycle --; Relationship of the Heart Sounds to Heart Pumping --; Work Output of the Heart --; Chemical Energy Required for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization by the Heart --; Regulation of Heart Pumping --; Chapter 10; Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart --; Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart --; Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart --; Chapter 11; The Normal Electrocardiogram --; Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram --; Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms --; Flow of Current Around the Heart during the Cardiac Cycle --; Electrocardiographic Leads --; Chapter 12; Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis --; Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms --; Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram --; Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS---and Its Significance --; Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex --; Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex --; Current of Injury --; Abnormalities in the T Wave --; Chapter 13; Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation --; Abnormal Sinus Rhythms --; Abnormal Rhythms That Result from Block of Heart Signals Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways --; Premature Contractions --; Paroxysmal Tachycardia --; Ventricular Fibrillation --; Atrial Fibrillation --; Atrial Flutter --; Cardiac Arrest --; UNIT IV; The Circulation --; Chapter 14; Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance --; Physical Characteristics of the Circulation --; Basic Principles of Circulatory Function --; Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance --; Chapter 15; Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems --; Vascular Distensibility --; Arterial Pressure Pulsations --; Veins and Their Functions --; Chapter 16; The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow --; Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System --; Flow of Blood in the Capillaries---Vasomotion --; Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid --; Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid --; Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, as Well as Capillary Filtration Coefficient --; Lymphatic System --; Chapter 17; Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow --; Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs --; Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control --; Humoral Control of the Circulation --; Chapter 18; Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure --; Nervous Regulation of the Circulation --; Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure --; Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure --; Chapter 19; Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation --; Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control --; The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control --; Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation --; Chapter 20; Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation --; Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity --; Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return---Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart --; Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs --; Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output --; Chapter 21; Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease --; Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise --; Coronary Circulation --; Chapter 22; Cardiac Failure --; Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure --; Unilateral Left Heart Failure --; Low-Output Cardiac Failure---Cardiogenic Shock --; Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure --; Cardiac Reserve --; Chapter 23; Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects --; Heart Sounds --; Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease --; Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects --; Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery --; Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease --; Chapter 24; Circulatory Shock and its Treatment --; Physiologic Causes of Shock --; Shock Caused by Hypovolemia---Hemorrhagic Shock --; Neurogenic Shock---Increased Vascular Capacity --; Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock --; Septic Shock --; Physiology of Treatment in Shock --; Circulatory Arrest --; UNIT V; The Body Fluids and Kidneys --; Chapter 25; The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema --; Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions --; Body Fluid Compartments --; Extracellular Fluid Compartment --; Blood Volume --; Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids --; Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments---the Indicator-Dilution Principle --; Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments --; Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid --; Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure --; Osmotic Equilibrium Is Maintained Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids --; Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States --; Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes --; Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia --; Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues --; Fluids in the "Potential Spaces" of the Body --; Chapter 26; Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control --; Multiple Functions of the Kidneys --; Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys --; Micturition --; Physiologic Anatomy of the Bladder --; Transport of Urine from the Kidney Through the Ureters and into the Bladder --; Filling of the Bladder and Bladder Wall Tone; the Cystometrogram --; Micturition Reflex --; Abnormalities of Micturition --; Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion --; Glomerular Filtration---The First Step in Urine Formation --; Determinants of the GFR --; Renal Blood Flow --; Physiologic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow --; Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow --; Chapter 27; Urine Formation by the Kidneys: II. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion --; Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion --; Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms --; Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron --; Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption --; Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function --; Chapter 28; Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration --; Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine --; Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine --; Quantifying Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution: "Free Water" and Osmolar Clearances --; Disorders of Urinary Concentrating Ability --; Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration --; Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System --; Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration --; Salt-Appetite Mechanism for Controlling Extracellular Fluid Sodium Concentration and Volume --; Chapter 29; Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume --; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion --; Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration --; Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration --; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid --; Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance --; Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System --; Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control --; Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake --; Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume --; Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume --; Chapter 30; Acid-Base Regulation --; H+ Concentration is Precisely Regulated --; Acids and Bases---Their Definitions and Meanings --; Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys --; Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids --; Bicarbonate Buffer System --; Phosphate Buffer System --; Proteins Are Important Intracellular Buffers --; Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance --; Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance --; Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO-3 by the Renal Tubules --; Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule Generates "New" HCO-3 --; Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion --; Renal Correction of Acidosis---Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO-3 to the Extracellular Fluid --; Renal Correction of Alkalosis---Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO-3 --; Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders --; Treatment of Acidosis or Alkalosis --; Clinical Measurements and Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders --; Chapter 31; Diuretics, Kidney Diseases --; Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action --; Kidney Diseases --; Acute Renal Failure --; Chronic Renal Failure: An Irreversible Decrease in the Number of Functional Nephrons --; Specific Tubular Disorders --; Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis with an Artificial Kidney --; UNIT VI; Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation --; Chapter 32; Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia --; Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) --; Anemias --; Polycythemia --; Chapter 33; Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation --; Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) --; Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections --; Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) --; Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages --; Eosinophils --; Basophils --; Leukopenia --; Leukemias --; Chapter 34; Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy Innate Immunity --; Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity --; Allergy and Hypersensitivity --; Chapter 35; Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation --; Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood --; O-A-B Blood Types --; Rh Blood Types --; Transplantation of Tissues and Organs --; Chapter 36; Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation --; Events in Hemostasis --; Vascular Constriction --; Mechanism of Blood Coagulation --; Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans --; Thromboembolic Conditions in the Human Being --; Anticoagulants for Clinical Use --; Blood Coagulation Tests --; UNIT VII; Respiration --; Chapter 37; Pulmonary Ventilation --; Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation --; Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities --; Minute Respiratory Volume Equals Respiratory Rate Times Tidal Volume --; Alveolar Ventilation --; Functions of the Respiratory Passageways --; Chapter 38; Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid --; Physiologic Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System --; Pressures in the Pulmonary System --; Blood Volume of the Lungs --; Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution --; Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow --; Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics --; Fluid in the Pleural Cavity --; Chapter 39; Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane --; Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures --; Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air Are Different --; Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane --; Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration --; Chapter 40; Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids --; Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues --; Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood --; Respiratory Exchange Ratio --; Chapter 41; Regulation of Respiration --; Respiratory Center --; Chemical Control of Respiration --; Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity---Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control --; Regulation of Respiration During Exercise --; Other Factors That Affect Respiration --; Chapter 42; Respiratory Insufficiency---Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy --; Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities --; Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities --; Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy --; Hypercapnia---Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids --; Artificial Respiration --; UNIT VIII; Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology --; Chapter 43; Aviation, High-Altitude, and Space Physiology --; Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body --; Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology --; "Artificial Climate" in the Sealed Spacecraft --; Weightlessness in Space --; Chapter 44; Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions --; Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body --; Scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Diving --; Special Physiologic Problems in Submarines --; Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy --; UNIT IX; The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology --; Chapter 45; Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters --; General Design of the Nervous System --; Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function --; Comparison of the Nervous System with a Computer --; Central Nervous System Synapses --; Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission --; Chapter 46; Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information --; Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect --; Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses --; Nerve Fibers That Transmit Different Types of Signals and Their Physiologic Classification --; Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts---Spatial and Temporal Summation --; Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools --; Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits --; Chapter 47; Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses --; Classification of Somatic Senses --; Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations --; Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals into the Central Nervous System --; Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System --; Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway --; Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function --; Chapter 48; Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations --; Types of Pain and Their Qualities---Fast Pain and Slow Pain --; Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation --; Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central Nervous System --; Pain Suppression ("Analgesia") System in the Brain and Spinal Cord --; Referred Pain --; Visceral Pain --; Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations
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