Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology: a South Asian Edition

Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology: a South Asian Edition

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Hall, John E. (John Edward), 1946-
Other Authors: Guyton, Arthur C.
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, c2013.
Edition:12th ed.
Subjects:
Human physiology.
Physiology, Pathological.
Physiological Phenomena.
Online Access:Visit NHRC Library
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Table of Contents:
  • UNIT I. Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
  • Chapter 1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment"
  • Cells as the Living Units of the Body
  • Extracellular Fluid---The "Internal Environment"
  • "Homeostatic" Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems
  • Control Systems of the Body
  • Summary---Automaticity of the Body
  • Chapter 2. The Cell and its Functions
  • Organization of the Cell
  • Physical Structure of the Cell
  • Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life
  • Functional Systems of the Cell
  • Locomotion of Cells
  • Chapter 3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
  • Genes in the Cell Nucleus
  • The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus is Transferred to an RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm---The Process of Transcription
  • Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell
  • Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells
  • The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction
  • Cell Differentiation
  • Apoptosis---Programmed Cell Death
  • Cancer
  • UNIT II. Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle
  • Chapter 4. Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes
  • The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
  • Diffusion
  • "Active Transport" of Substances Through Membranes
  • Chapter 5. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
  • Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials
  • Measuring the Membrane Potential
  • Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves
  • Nerve Action Potential
  • Roles of Other Ions During the Action Potential
  • Propagation of the Action Potential
  • Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed---Importance of Energy Metabolism
  • Plateau in Some Action Potentials
  • Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues---Repetitive Discharge
  • Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks
  • Excitation---The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential
  • Recording Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
  • Chapter 6. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
  • Physiologic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
  • General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
  • Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
  • Energetics of Muscle Contraction
  • Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction
  • Chapter 7. Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
  • Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction
  • Molecular Biology of Acetylcholine Formation and Release
  • Drugs That Enhance or Block Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction
  • Myasthenia Gravis Causes Muscle Paralysis
  • Muscle Action Potential
  • Excitation-Contraction Coupling
  • Chapter 8. Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle
  • Contraction of Smooth Muscle
  • Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction
  • UNIT III. The Heart
  • Chapter 9. Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
  • Physiology of Cardiac Muscle
  • Cardiac Cycle
  • Relationship of the Heart Sounds to Heart Pumping
  • Work Output of the Heart
  • Chemical Energy Required for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization by the Heart
  • Regulation of Heart Pumping
  • Chapter 10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
  • Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart
  • Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart
  • Chapter 11. The Normal Electrocardiogram
  • Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram
  • Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms
  • Flow of Current Around the Heart during the Cardiac Cycle
  • Electrocardiographic Leads
  • Chapter 12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis
  • Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms
  • Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram
  • Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS---and Its Significance
  • Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex
  • Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex
  • Current of Injury
  • Abnormalities in the T Wave
  • Chapter 13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
  • Abnormal Sinus Rhythms
  • Abnormal Rhythms That Result from Block of Heart Signals Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways
  • Premature Contractions
  • Paroxysmal Tachycardia
  • Ventricular Fibrillation
  • Atrial Fibrillation
  • Atrial Flutter
  • Cardiac Arrest
  • UNIT IV. The Circulation
  • Chapter 14. Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
  • Physical Characteristics of the Circulation
  • Basic Principles of Circulatory Function
  • Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
  • Chapter 15. Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
  • Vascular Distensibility
  • Arterial Pressure Pulsations
  • Veins and Their Functions
  • Chapter 16. The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow
  • Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System
  • Flow of Blood in the Capillaries---Vasomotion
  • Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid
  • Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid
  • Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, as Well as Capillary Filtration Coefficient
  • Lymphatic System
  • Chapter 17. Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
  • Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs
  • Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control
  • Humoral Control of the Circulation
  • Chapter 18. Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
  • Nervous Regulation of the Circulation
  • Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
  • Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure
  • Chapter 19. Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
  • Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control
  • The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control
  • Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
  • Chapter 20. Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
  • Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity
  • Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return---Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart
  • Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs
  • Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output
  • Chapter 21. Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise
  • Coronary Circulation
  • Chapter 22. Cardiac Failure
  • Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure
  • Unilateral Left Heart Failure
  • Low-Output Cardiac Failure---Cardiogenic Shock
  • Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure
  • Cardiac Reserve
  • Chapter 23. Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects
  • Heart Sounds
  • Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease
  • Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects
  • Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery
  • Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease
  • Chapter 24. Circulatory Shock and its Treatment
  • Physiologic Causes of Shock
  • Shock Caused by Hypovolemia---Hemorrhagic Shock
  • Neurogenic Shock---Increased Vascular Capacity
  • Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock
  • Septic Shock
  • Physiology of Treatment in Shock
  • Circulatory Arrest
  • UNIT V. The Body Fluids and Kidneys
  • Chapter 25. The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema
  • Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions
  • Body Fluid Compartments
  • Extracellular Fluid Compartment
  • Blood Volume
  • Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
  • Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments---the Indicator-Dilution Principle
  • Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments
  • Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
  • Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
  • Osmotic Equilibrium Is Maintained Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids
  • Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States
  • Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes
  • Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
  • Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues
  • Fluids in the "Potential Spaces" of the Body
  • Chapter 26. Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control
  • Multiple Functions of the Kidneys
  • Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys
  • Micturition
  • Physiologic Anatomy of the Bladder
  • Transport of Urine from the Kidney Through the Ureters and into the Bladder
  • Filling of the Bladder and Bladder Wall Tone; the Cystometrogram
  • Micturition Reflex
  • Abnormalities of Micturition
  • Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion
  • Glomerular Filtration---The First Step in Urine Formation
  • Determinants of the GFR
  • Renal Blood Flow
  • Physiologic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
  • Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow
  • Chapter 27. Urine Formation by the Kidneys: II. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
  • Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
  • Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms
  • Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron
  • Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
  • Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function
  • Chapter 28. Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
  • Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine
  • Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine
  • Quantifying Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution: "Free Water" and Osmolar Clearances
  • Disorders of Urinary Concentrating Ability
  • Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
  • Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System
  • Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
  • Salt-Appetite Mechanism for Controlling Extracellular Fluid Sodium Concentration and Volume
  • Chapter 29. Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
  • Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion
  • Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration
  • Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration
  • Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid
  • Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance
  • Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System
  • Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control
  • Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake
  • Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
  • Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume
  • Chapter 30. Acid-Base Regulation
  • H+ Concentration is Precisely Regulated
  • Acids and Bases---Their Definitions and Meanings
  • Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys
  • Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids
  • Bicarbonate Buffer System
  • Phosphate Buffer System
  • Proteins Are Important Intracellular Buffers
  • Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
  • Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance
  • Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO-3 by the Renal Tubules
  • Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule Generates "New" HCO-3
  • Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion
  • Renal Correction of Acidosis---Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO-3 to the Extracellular Fluid
  • Renal Correction of Alkalosis---Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO-3
  • Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders
  • Treatment of Acidosis or Alkalosis
  • Clinical Measurements and Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders
  • Chapter 31. Diuretics, Kidney Diseases
  • Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action
  • Kidney Diseases
  • Acute Renal Failure
  • Chronic Renal Failure: An Irreversible Decrease in the Number of Functional Nephrons
  • Specific Tubular Disorders
  • Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis with an Artificial Kidney
  • UNIT VI. Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation
  • Chapter 32. Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia
  • Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
  • Anemias
  • Polycythemia
  • Chapter 33. Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation
  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
  • Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
  • Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
  • Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Leukopenia
  • Leukemias
  • Chapter 34. Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy Innate Immunity
  • Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
  • Allergy and Hypersensitivity
  • Chapter 35. Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation
  • Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood
  • O-A-B Blood Types
  • Rh Blood Types
  • Transplantation of Tissues and Organs
  • Chapter 36. Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
  • Events in Hemostasis
  • Vascular Constriction
  • Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
  • Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans
  • Thromboembolic Conditions in the Human Being
  • Anticoagulants for Clinical Use
  • Blood Coagulation Tests
  • UNIT VII. Respiration
  • Chapter 37. Pulmonary Ventilation
  • Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation
  • Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
  • Minute Respiratory Volume Equals Respiratory Rate Times Tidal Volume
  • Alveolar Ventilation
  • Functions of the Respiratory Passageways
  • Chapter 38. Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
  • Physiologic Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System
  • Pressures in the Pulmonary System
  • Blood Volume of the Lungs
  • Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution
  • Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow
  • Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics
  • Fluid in the Pleural Cavity
  • Chapter 39. Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane
  • Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures
  • Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air Are Different
  • Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane
  • Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration
  • Chapter 40. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
  • Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues
  • Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
  • Respiratory Exchange Ratio
  • Chapter 41. Regulation of Respiration
  • Respiratory Center
  • Chemical Control of Respiration
  • Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity---Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control
  • Regulation of Respiration During Exercise
  • Other Factors That Affect Respiration
  • Chapter 42. Respiratory Insufficiency---Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy
  • Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities
  • Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities
  • Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy
  • Hypercapnia---Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids
  • Artificial Respiration
  • UNIT VIII. Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology
  • Chapter 43. Aviation, High-Altitude, and Space Physiology
  • Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body
  • Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology
  • "Artificial Climate" in the Sealed Spacecraft
  • Weightlessness in Space
  • Chapter 44. Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions
  • Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body
  • Scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Diving
  • Special Physiologic Problems in Submarines
  • Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
  • UNIT IX. The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology
  • Chapter 45. Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters
  • General Design of the Nervous System
  • Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function
  • Comparison of the Nervous System with a Computer
  • Central Nervous System Synapses
  • Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission
  • Chapter 46. Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information
  • Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect
  • Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses
  • Nerve Fibers That Transmit Different Types of Signals and Their Physiologic Classification
  • Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts---Spatial and Temporal Summation
  • Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools
  • Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits
  • Chapter 47. Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses
  • Classification of Somatic Senses
  • Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations
  • Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals into the Central Nervous System
  • Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System
  • Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway
  • Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function
  • Chapter 48. Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations
  • Types of Pain and Their Qualities---Fast Pain and Slow Pain
  • Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation
  • Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central Nervous System
  • Pain Suppression ("Analgesia") System in the Brain and Spinal Cord
  • Referred Pain
  • Visceral Pain
  • Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations.

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